December 2018

This research examined the effects of flooding on developed property values in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State Nigeria. The methodology involved the sub-dividing of the Metropolis into four sub basins (SB1, SB2, SB3, SB4) with the aid of the topographic map of Rivers State. Data collection was by means of primary and secondary sources of information. Three hundred and sixty respondents were selected and interviewed using a precoded questions, as well as field measurements. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages were used as well as inferential statistics such as Spearman’s rank statistics was also used for data analysis. Findings showed that about 51.9% of respondents agreed that there was flooding problems in Port Harcourt Metropolis. However, 43.1% attested that the flood water lasts up to 30days before the water dries up. On developed property values the study found that (61.1%) of respondents affirmed that flooded properties were abandoned during and after flooding. Also (20.8%) of respondents agreed that the buildings within these flooded areas has depreciated in structure and value, while (18.1%) affirmed that the rent were low in such flooded areas. Drainages were available, but substandard, therefore blocked with debris and could not evacuate storm water. Statistical test of the degree of relationship proved that there was a very strong relationship between flood frequency and drainage condition in the Metropolis (P<0.01 (n=40). The study recommended that government should prepare a drainage plan for the Metropolis. Furthermore, a comprehensive drainage and infrastructural planning works should be embarked upon urgently by the relevant agencies by way of desilting all drainages and waterways, identification and demolition of structures on flood plains and construction of storm water channels in flood prone areas to combat the menace of flooding in the Metropolis.

The economic and social development of nations all over the world relay to a large extent on the quality of its road transportation system. Vast amounts of money have been invested and are still being invested in the construction of roads. Similarly, large amount of money is required to ensure that these roads having been constructed can continuously fulfill their function. Nigerian roads presently are largely dominated by flexible pavements, even with the glaring evidence that these roads have been consistently performing poorly, this however has call for a lot of both periodic and routine maintenance funds, establishment of Road maintenance agencies at states and Federal levels making the overall pavement costs substantially high and thus posing the possible challenge of not giving returns on investment by the end of the design period. Therefore, the study is focused on reviewing the existing pavements and their performance on the roads under the different soil CBR and eventually forming an opinion on the best suited pavement. Both flexible and rigid/concrete are the two commonly used pavements globally. The unit cost for each of the pavement were computed for a comparative cost analysis. The results for the thicknesses of the flexible pavement at CBR value of 12% against the following Equivalent single axial loads (ESAL) of 0.3, 0.5, 1.10, 2.25, 4.5 and 8.0 are 425,460,400,403,530 and 470 respectively. The results of the flexible pavement design thicknesses presented above shows a general increase of thickness from left to right and decreases from top to bottom an indication that the thickness of flexible pavement is greatly influence by the traffic load and soil strength. While that of rigid pavement thicknesses are 297, 315, 341, 348, 366 and 391 at Equivalent single axial loads (ESAL) of 0.3, 0.5, 1.10, 2.25, 4.5and 8.0. The cost implication for the flexible pavement at 12% CBR are 66.384, 80.996, 116.998, 129.819, and 141.989 (MN) and that for the rigid pavement are 79.458, 85.724, 94.775, 97.211, 103.477, 112.179 (MN) all at the same pavement thicknesses.

It was determined that the highest survival rate in paper towels stored in different culture media. The survival rate of the Sunn pest cultured with paper towel was 62% and the non live rate was 38%. The survival rate in Sunn pest cultured with straw was determined to be 72%. A 28% live rate was detected in Sunn pest cultured with straw. It was determined that the rate of non alive in the dried oak leaves was 69% and the rate of living individuals was 31%. The survival rate was found to be 66% in individuals who were cultured with pine leaves, and the non alive rate was 34%. In the statistical grouping, while the survival rate of the culture formed by paper towels was in a separate group, it was determined that the survival rate in oak leaf, pine leaf and straw cultures was in the other group.

Dolichos is an oldest leguminous crop knows to man. It grows in dry and semi-arid regions of Asia, Africa and America. In India, it is popular in south, east and north-east parts of the country for vegetable, pulse and fodder purpose. It is rich in protein, minerals and vitamins, and is a major source of protein for South Indian diet. It also provides nutritious green fodder to milch animals. Apart from being draught tolerant, it has high adaptability to wide range of production conditions. It also improves soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and adding more organic carbon to soil. Despite its multi-utility and multi-benefits, Dolichos is still an underutilized and unexplored crop in terms of area under cultivation and efforts towards its genetic improvement. Adaptation and mitigation strategies against climate change induced threats to global food security; biodiversity and sustainable development require climate resilient crops like Dolichos. It is a potential crop for sustainable agriculture in dry land ecosystems assuring food and income security to small and marginal farmers of this region. Thus, attention should be given for comprehensive genetic improvement and conservation of plant genetic resources of Dolichos.

A change of strategy and security system of a state is a matter that certainly happens. The strategy and security system of a state are not static matters, but they are dynamic with a change of strategy and security system are influenced mostly by the dynamics of strategic environment which keep developing and changing. National security is an element embedded from a purpose of state governance. As the government of state, the government needs an arrangement of national security regarding the authority system of institutions that has a role in the attempt to reach national security. This study is focused to analyze the ratio legis or the aim and purpose of the created authority arrangement in the fields of defense and security of state in National security system based on instrument of laws and regulations regarding defense and security. The approaches used in this study are: historical, conceptual, regulations, comparative and philosophical. This study uses primary legal material and secondary legal material. On the other hand, analysis on the root of problems and the legal materials were conducted in prescriptive analytic, which provides thinking to answer root of problems in the study. The result of this study shows that there is no regulation regarding comprehensive defense and security which regulate national security that is in accordance with national security system as intended in the Preamble of 1945 Constitution of Indonesia. The regulations are still partial and sectorial; it has not been able to give the strong basis; it is not clear and strict in decide the actors in overcoming national security; and even cause obscurity related to the implementation of defense and security.

Copyright of Traditional Cultural Expression that belong to indigenous people is the reflection of diversity in traditional wealth also showed the identity of Indonesian people. The occurrence of missapropriation by foreign people, it might be due to inappropriate protection by the state as the central protector. The state in its regulation was transplanting more values of Western law thus the valid legal system was no longer appropriate with the character of Indonesian people. In this condition, other legal involvement through legal pluralism would be necessary, given that Indonesia acknowledges the existence of society law and religious law (Islamic law) as the law prevails in the society. This study is a normative study with legal pluralism concept approach, thus infers that the correct protection by the state toward copyright of indigenous people over Traditional Cultural expression was by integrating the existing legal values which reflected through society law and religious law into the national law to form a national law in accordance with the character of Indonesian people.