May 2021

Head & neck cancer in Nepal was increasing every year. Exact cancer incidence, death and relevant community based details of cancer in Nepal is unknown to address the need of community based epidemiological study was initiated community based cancer research in 15 districts of four state of Nepal. In this study we focus to determine the current status and trend of head & neck cancer. This was a descriptive epidemiological study with primary and secondary data analysis of new head & neck cancer that recorded and collected in different data source institution at 15 districts of four state of Nepal since 1st January to 31st December 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016. The data analysis was carried out by using SPSS 19.0 Head & neck cancer was relatively increased for 2013 to 2014. Whereas, relatively decreased in 2015 and raised in 2016. The trend of head & neck cancer was seen to be fluctuating yearly during the study period. Though well organized awareness activities, and screening programs are still needed to prevent and control the incidence of head & neck cancer in our communities.

The aim of this study is to determine the potency of Diclofenac sodium tablet available in Port Harcourt metropolis, south-south Nigeria. Diclofenac Sodium is a potent Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) commonly used as an Over the Counter (OTC) drug. Potency determination was performed to evaluate and authenticate whether the marketed samples complies with the declared specification. In vitro dissolution study was, performed to verify the potency of the drug and its relative bioavailability. Hardness was checked to verify whether it interferes with the dissolution, which might ultimately affect the drug bioavailability. In this present study, a simple, cost effective, and spectrophotometric method for the potency determination of marketed diclofenac sodium tablets is used. Six samples were randomly collected from the market and coded as A, B, C, D, E and F, and the potency determined are 80%, 98.7%, 126.9%, 99.6%, 109.2% and 91.4% respectively. Hardness and in vitro dissolution of the six brands of diclofenac sodium tablet were studied and reported. After 1 h dissolution release of samples A, B, C, D,E, and F are 135%, 30%, 70%, 122%, 38%, and 40% respectively. From the various studies it seems that not all the samples analyzed complied with the BP and USP requirements.

The ruminants are the most primitive animals to be domesticated by human being from the time unknown. They were not only domesticated by the ancient civilized man for the need of minimizing labor (in terms of tilling or pulling carts) but also for differential need of every day livelihood like meat, milk, skin and hair. The main reason behind goats’ popularity is the low rearing cost of this animal and their higher adaptability to a number of harsh and unfavorable conditions without any physiological complication. The main physiological process which has made the goats successful survivors under stressful condition is the management of immunity and reproduction under variable environmental conditions. The first is needed for survival of the animals and the latter is of extreme use for perpetuation of species. However, the modulation of immunity in goats is a huge process and a matter of another review. The present review encompasses the process and describes about various factors which modulate goat reproduction.

The hydrocarbon rich Niger delta region of Nigeria is also home/breeding ground for some indigenous as well serve as calving grounds for some migratory marine mammal species. Exploration and production of this highly valuable resource often require seismic survey that generate sound that could negatively impact marine animals at close proximity. Hence, the need for a science based management to reduce risk of injury or fatality to these endangered species. This study aims at assessing and evaluating Scientific processes and procedure in place for minimising negative impact. Two Marine Mammal Observers (MMO) and One Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) Operator undertook visual observations for marine mammals and turtles, and acoustic detections, in accordance with the JNCC (2017) and Department of Petroleum resources (DPR) guidelines for minimising the risk of injury and disturbance to marine mammals from seismic surveys. Cumulative effort was 1298hrs 38mins. MMO observation hours totalled 696hrs 34mins. 49.31% of MMO observation effort took place while the source was active and 50.69% with the source inactive. The total number of airguns starts was 104 while seismic source was tested on 24 occasions each preceded with soft start. PAM detection effort totalled 602hrs 11mins. 56.22% of effort took place while the source was active and 43.78% with the source inactive. The total number of airguns starts was 120 while seismic source was tested on 32 occasions each preceded with soft start. Pre-shoot watches of 30 minutes were carried out in accordance with the mitigation guidelines preceding all soft starts. There were 11 marine mammal sightings and 14 acoustic detection of marine. No compliance issues. mitigation actions were taken twice to minimise risk of injury to animals.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate Cancer (CaP) rarely produces symptoms at the beginning of disease progression since most tumors originate on the periphery of the gland. To improve early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, the Prostate Imaging and Reporting and Data System, PI-RADS, was created. The system is beneficial in indicating probability and identifying where the biopsy will be directed if necessary, the increasing the chance that the sample will contain tissue with high suspicion of cancer. (4,5) JUSTIFICATION: Patients with suspected prostate cancer require an adequate strategy to diagnose the disease early. Multiparametric prostate MRI is a possible method of implementing as part of this screening in our population, and thus complementing the rest of the diagnostic tools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analytical, observational, transverse and retrospective study was conducted with patients at the Naval Hospital of High Specialty to whom t-tests were applied for independent samples and Mann-Whitney U-test for statistical analysis. Patients with suspected Prostate Cancer were selected who had psa levels, prostate MAGNETIC resonance imaging, and had histopathological reports of transrectal prostate biopsies. RESULTS: The sample for convenience was 59 patients, the average age of patients with adenocarcinoma was 65.0 years, without adenocarcinoma 64.4 years. The difference in mean values between the two groups is greater than would be expected by chance; there is a statistically significant difference (P x 0.006), in this case we can say that the occurrence of adenocarcinoma is related to the PI-RADS 5 classification, since the value of "P" is less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference. The average pre-MRI PSA value of patients with adenocarcinoma was 8.9 ng/ml, with no adenocarcinoma 4.6 ng/ml, with a value of P x 0.928, there is no statistically significant difference. DISCUSSION: The PI-RADS prostate imaging data reporting and recording system is a tool developed for the timely diagnosis of prostate cancer, however, results in intermediate scores (predictive values) make the diagnosis difficult, so describing the association between these population scores that already has histologically confirmed diagnosis are helpful in clarifying this debate. CONCLUSION: Establishing the association between the PI-RADS scale report and the histopathological result of biopsy samples is of great importance, presents benefits for the diagnosis of this disease if supplemented by clinical examination, together it will help to make the appropriate diagnosis.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a significant contributor of various gastrointestinal disorders and cancers all around the world. Its diagnosis is dependent on several qualitative and quantitative methods. The present study aims to compare the results of rapid cassette and micro ELISA test methods for diagnosis of H. pylori and determining associations with patient endoscopy reports. Methods: The study was performed using blood samples collected from 224 patients (142 (63%) females and 82 (37%) males) in various clinics between January 2018 and August 2019, which were sent to the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Training Hospital. Serum samples obtained after centrifugation of the blood samples were initially tested with rapid H. pylori IgG cassette method, and afterwards in the auto analyzer using ELISA assays specific for H. pylori. Results: Upper gastrointestinal system endoscopy was performed in 88 of these patients, and biopsy results confirmed definitive diagnosis of H. pylori infection in 63 of the patients. Rapid H. pylori cassette test results of the 224 patients were negative for 158 (70.5%) patients and positive for 66 (29.5%) patients, whereas micro ELISA IgA test results were negative for 110 (49.1%) patients and positive for 114 (50.9%) patients. Micro ELISA IgG test results were negative for 85 (37.9%) patients and positive for 139 (62.1%) patients. Conclusion: Invasive diagnostic methods for H. pylori infection may sometimes be inconvenient, and therefore the diagnosis may have to rely on non-invasive tests. Bases on the study results, we believe micro ELISA test results are more reliable with regard to avoidance of missed diagnosis.

Introducción: El poco acoplamiento de las superficies articulares de la rodilla condicionan una buena movilidad que la expone a esguinces y luxaciones. La prevalencia de las lesiones multiligamentarias de la rodilla (LMLR) es de 0.02%2 a nivel mundial, sin embargo, su morbilidad es alta5. Objetivos: Valorar el grado funcional que presentan los pacientes con LMLR, posterior a dos años de que fueron sometido a tratamiento quirúrgico en el Centro Médico Naval. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional analítico, transversal, se estudiaron 4 pacientes, los resultados funcionales se evaluaron con las escalas de IKDC y LKS. Resultados: La valoración funcional con IKDC se obtuvieron puntajes de 90, 88, 80 y 60, correspondiendo los dos puntajes más altos a los pacientes con lesión de LCA más LCLL. La evaluación clínica fue normal en los pacientes con lesión de LCA más LCLL. En la escala funcional de Lysholm las puntaciones fueron similares a las del IKDC. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos sugieren que los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico posterior a una lesión multiligamentaria de rodilla son buenos en cuestión de funcionalidad para el paciente, pero aun así no se logra una recuperación 100% para volver al servicio activo.

Solar energy is the radiative energy that comes from the sun. Solar radiation is electromagnetic in nature and its spectrum cover the ultraviolet (UV) through the visible (VIS) to the infrared (IR) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The data used in this study was a 12 years average solar radiation data between year 2009 and 2021. Monthly mean daily data of the extraterrestrial solar radiation (H ̅_0), global solar insolation on horizontal surface (H ̅) and averaged surface albedo (ρg) data were obtained from the National Aeronautic and Space Authority (NASA) Surface Meteorology Solar Energy (NASA surface meteorology Solar Energy, 2021). The model used to compute the total radiation on tilted surfaces is the Liu & Jordan Model. The optimal tilt angle for maximum collection of the solar insolation for Ilaro town is 120 for fixed module. However, the result of higher annual insolation than that at a fixed 120 can be obtained using a seasonal tilt.

The education-training sector in Vavouawaspoorlyinvesteduntil the end of the rebel occupation (2002-2011). However, the end of thiscrisis has led to a proliferation of privateschools in the municipal landscape. The presentstudyfocuses on the determinants of theseprivateinvestments in the education-training sector in the commune of Vavoua as well as on the landscape changes thatthey have brought about. To this end, the data collection methodwasbased on documentaryresearch and fieldsurveys. The studyrevealsthat 91% of theseprivate initiatives werecarried out after 2011 and 60% of the operators are education and training personnel. The growingschool-age population, the decline in public investment, the availability of land and the profitability of theseprivate initiatives are the main factorsbehind the multiplicity of theseprivateschools. This contributes to a qualitative change in the communal landscape of Vavoua.

In this paper we present a java implementation of video telephony using the SIP protocol (Session Initiation Protocol). After a functional analysis of the SIP protocol and based on the work of researchers of the University Italian (University of parma-Italy) (University of parma-Italy)to acquire adequate libraries for the development of our communication tool. In order to optimize the code and improve the prototype we used, in an incremental approach, test techniques based on a static analysis based on the evaluation of the complexity of the software with the application of metrics and the number cyclomatic of Mccabe. The objective is to promote the emergence of local start-ups producing IP video in a well understood local context. We have arrived at the creation of a video telephony tool whose code is optimized.