January 2022

Solubility is the significant component for medication adequacy, freedom of the course of administration Gigantic proportions of recently discovered medications are water-insoluble, and hence poorly bioavailable adding to forsook improvement efforts. These so‐known as Brickellia's competitors can now be conveyed through detailing them into Nanosuspension. Nanosuspension technological know-how solved the drawback of medications that are inadequately watery dissolvable and have less bioavailability. The steadiness and bioavailability of the medications can be expanded using Nanosuspension technology. Coaching of Nanosuspension is simple and relevant to all medicinal drugs which are fluid insoluble. Nanosuspensions are readied through utilizing a wet mill, high strain homogenizer, emulsion‐solvent evaporation, melt emulsification approach, and super significant fluid systems. Nanosuspension can be prepared with the aid of using stabilizers, natural and organic solvents, and different components such as buffers, salts, polyols, osmogent, and cry protectants. Nanosuspensions can likewise be delivered with the aid of oral, parenteral, aspiratory, and visual courses. Nanosuspensions can additionally be used for distinct drug supply when included in the ocular inserts and mucoadhesive hydrogels.

Background: Perioperative shivering is one of the most common problems in parturients receiving regional anesthesia during cesarean section. Although shivering is a protective reflex to increase the core temperature by involuntary contraction of muscles, it also leads to adverse effects like increasing oxygen consumption and affecting wound healing. The aim of this work is to compare the efficacy of dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine in prevention of perioperative shivering when added to hyperbaric bupivacaine intrathecally in cesarean sections (CS) and their effect on the intraoperative hemodynamics, intensity of the block, sedation, and postoperative analgesic requirement. Results: Study included 60 obstetric patients who were randomized into 2 equal groups, each consisting of 30 patients, namely group A (dexmedetomidine group and B (dexamethasone group). Group A patients received 5 μg dexmedetomidine with 12.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% intrathecally. Group B patients received 8 mg dexamethasone then 12.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% intrathecally. The comparison included assessment of intra- and postoperative hemodynamics, duration of surgery, assessment of sensory and motor block, assessment for shivering and sedation, and assessment of adverse events. This study showed that there were a small number of patients complaining of shivering (five patients in group A and seven patients in group B) with no statistical difference between both groups in the incidence and intensity of shivering. Time to two segment regression (minutes) was longer in group B compared to group A, and also, time to first analgesic rescue was longer in group B compared to group A. For sedation intensity, there was statistical difference between both groups as all patients in group A were sedated compared to six patients only in group B. There was no statistical difference between both groups as regards incidence of adverse effects. Conclusion: We concluded that both drugs can be added safely to bupivacaine, and both decreased the incidence and the intensity of shivering. Dexamethas one was found to prolong the duration of sensory block and delay opioid requirements post-operatively, while dexmedetomidine is more effective in sedating the patients intra- and postoperatively.

Introduction: The objectives of neuroanesthesic management should focus on generating unconsciousness, amnesia and antinociception, maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure, control of intracranial pressure, avoiding secondary damage due to hypoxemia, hypo or hypercapnia, hyper or hypoglycemia, to thus being able to provide optimal surgical conditions, allowing in turn early neurological evaluation. Objectives: The present review aims to evaluate in a practical way the main pharmacokinetic models and correlate them with the changes that occur in neurosurgical patients. Methodology: PubMed, Science Direct was searched using intravenous anesthesia, spinal surgery, neurosurgery as search terms. Results: The articles reviewed show that anesthetic management plays a crucial role in providing optimal surgical conditions and at the same time being able to carry out intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, while allowing early neurological evaluation. Conclusions: Total intravenous anesthesia in neurosurgery implies understanding the changes caused with each of the anesthetic agents and the modifications derived from the neurological pathology, in view of which it is essential to monitor the effect generating minimal impact on the systemic and cerebral hemodynamics in order to provide the same closer today to a "personalized anesthesia"

Back ground: Coccydynia is a pain in the coccyx. It mainly affects females. Approximately 14% of coccydynia occurs due to delivery trauma. Muscle Energy Technique (MET) and stretching exercises are mainly used to treat the musculoskeletal disorders. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to compare between the effect of muscle energy technique and stretching exercise in the management of post-natal Coccydynia. Methods: Forty volunteers, multi-Parus femalesubjects suffering from Coccydynia after six weeks post-partum. Their age were ranged between 25-35 years and BMI were not exceed 30 Kg/m2. They were detected randomly assigned into two groups equal in number. group A (n=20) and group B (n=20). groupA received muscle energy technique exercise 3 times per week for 12 sessions. group B received stretching exercise3 times per week for 12 sessions. Results: There was a significant decrease in VAS and ODI post treatment in the group A and B compared with that pre treatment (p< 0.001). The percent of decrease in VAS and ODI in the group A was 58.46 and 61.09% while that of group B was 55.22 and 56.82%. There was no significant difference between groups pre-treatment (p > 0.05). Comparison between the group A and B post treatment revealed non significant difference in VAS and ODI between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There was no significance difference between muscle energy technique and stretching exercise in managementof post-natal coccydynia.

The objective of this study was to investigate the perceptions on the impact of green procurement on profitability among fuel retailers in Zimbabwe. The study also explored the green procurement practices implemented, the challenges faced in implementing green procurement and ways to develop positive perceptions towards the impact of green procurement on profitability among fuel retailers. The study was qualitative and confined to a sample of 12 participants. Interviews, observation and document analysis were utilised to collect data. The findings of the study were that: fuel retailers do not have established green procurement policies; with regard to transportation and delivery, there was a strong perception on the impact of green procurement on profitabilityin fuel retailing firms that green procurement is costly; one of the stronger perceptions regarding the impact of green procurement on profitability is that it weakens competitiveness and reduces sales volumes; a lack of executive support has been a significant challenge in the implementation of green procurement practices in fuel retailing firms; increased stakeholder lobbying is regarded as one of the potent ways with which positive perceptions regarding green procurement may be developed in fuel retailing firms. Some of the study’s recommendations were that: Fuel retailing firms must adopt green procurement as a written policy with clear guidelines and Fuel retailing firmsmust utilise suppliers of green products and services.

Equality is very crucial in ensuring a better working relationship between the employers and employees as well as enhancing the organizational performance. The negative effect of discrimination has crippled the development of many organizations especially in the developing countries. This study aims to determine the effect of inequality on organizational performance from Islamic point of view. Sample of this study comprises of senior and junior staff of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. Survey questionnaire was administered to 350 employees through simple random sampling and only 201 were used for the analysis. Smart PLS 3 version was used for the analysis. The study found that there is significant relationship between equality and organizational performance. The study also established that equal treatment of employees by the managers increases the performance of the organization while injustice and discrimination negatively affects it. This research is intended to benefit the managers in ensuring equal treatment is given to all employees for the betterment of organizational performance. This research is significant as it complement the existing literature on Islamic approach linking equality to organizational performance. While this paper sets the stage, there is however, the need for future research.

La spiruline est un complément alimentaire peu consommé au Niger. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la consommation et l’acceptabilité de la spiruline dans la ville de Niamey. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une étude descriptive transversale à viser analytiquea été réalisée dans les cinq (5) l’arrondissements communaux de la ville de Niamey. Aussi, l’étude a concerné un échantillon de 992 ménages. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que 4,9 % seulement des enquêtées connaissances la spiruline, parmi lesquels 37,5% l’ont une fois consommé. Aussi, 36%des enquêtés ont eu connaissance de cette algue à travers les amis. Les données enregistrées révèlent également que 61%s’approvisionnenten en spiruline au niveau des pharmacies. Par ailleurs, la spiruline en poudre est beaucoup plus prisée par les enquêtés (63,2%) dont la plupart (48,9%) la préconisent avec la sauce. En effet, les résultats issus du test organoleptique ont révélé que le goût, l’odeur, la saveur et la facilité d’emploi de la spiruline ont été jugés bons pour la majorité des personnes enquêtées. Ainsi, malgré ces potentialités, la spiruline est peu connue au Niger. Cependant, cette algue constitue une opportunité pour contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle.