In recent decades, societal attitudes towards religion and spirituality have undergone a noticeable shift, marked by a significant decline in religious affiliation and engagement across various demographic groups. This paper aims to investigate the potential impact of this secular shift on mental health outcomes. By reviewing existing literature and empirical studies, we explore the intricate relationship between religious/spiritual beliefs and practices and mental well-being. The findings suggest that while the decline in religious affiliation may offer newfound freedom and autonomy, it also poses challenges to mental health. The analysis highlights the historical significance of religion and spirituality, their association with positive mental health outcomes, and the protective factors associated with religious engagement. Challenges stemming from declining religious involvement, including existential angst and moral confusion, are discussed, along with potential consequences for mental health. Furthermore, we examine alternative avenues for fulfilling the existential and emotional needs traditionally addressed by religion and spirituality. Alternative pathways to fulfilment and well-being, such as secular humanism, philosophy, art, nature, and community activism, are explored, emphasizing the need for integrative approaches to support resilience and flourishing in secular contexts.
