Carbon emission regulation in transport sector; a comparative legal analysis of India, eu and UK

The aim of this research is to analyse carbon emission policies in transport in India, European Union (EU) and United Kingdom (UK) and to recognise its differences in carbon emission policies in these three regions in regard to regulatory framework, policies and impacts. The transport sector continues to be a key source of global CO₂ emissions, as a direct result of the population growth of urban areas, countries' economic developments and growing energy requirements. The paper draws conclusions about the legal approaches, policy tools and judicious measures which influence emission control in these areas by adopting a qualitative and comparative approach. These findings indicate that while the EU and UK have strict, legally binding rules with effective carbon pricing and compliance mechanisms, a gradual (incentive-based) strategy for introducing climate rules is being continued in India, taking one-on-one economic and policy flexibility into account. Although progress has been made, issues like reliance on fossil fuels, poor engagement and infrastructure remain. Overall, the study highlights the importance of adopting a holistic approach that incorporates both legal and technological solutions and behavioural shift to create sustainable, low-carbon transportation systems at the international level.