Background: Indian English fiction inherits English as a language of colonial administration and education while remaking it for multilingual Indian experience. Objective: To compare how five major Indian English novels convert the problem of English into narrative form and distribute voice, intelligibility, and social authority. Methods: This qualitative comparative study closely reads narrative voice, syntax, register, code-switching, untranslated lexis, translation effects, accent, and silence in Kanthapura, Midnight’s Children, The Shadow Lines, The God of Small Things, and The Inheritance of Loss. Interpretive categories derive from postcolonial theory and world-Englishes scholarship. Results: The corpus moves from Rao’s oralized English through Rushdie’s hybridity and Ghosh’s polyphony to Roy’s strategic opacity and Desai’s global English of aspiration and humiliation. Linguistic innovation identifies who may narrate, who must translate, and whose speech receives authority. Conclusions: Indian English in these novels is a practice of linguistic citizenship. Nativization contests standard-English authority without automatically dissolving caste, class, gender, or market inequalities.
October 2026
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Journal Area:ABSTRACT:Pub. Date: October 31, 2026Paper No:6717
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“Regenerative Endodontics” has revolutionized as an alternative, innovative, biologically based- treatment strategy for the treatment of traumatized necrotic young permanent anterior teeth with open apex representing a ‘paradigm shift’ in conventional root canal procedure. Gradually this treatment approach modified in various strategies including different scaffolds, growth factors, medicaments and stem cells. “Cell free or homing” is a recent novel promising technique based on stem cells belonging to host and their potential to regenerate functional pulp-dentin tissue complex and revolutionized the arena of regenerative endodontics. Extensive review of endodontic literature revealed paucity of literature pertaining to this new era of endodontics. Therefore, the aim of this research paper is to enlighten the domain of ‘cell homing’ in regenerative endodontics highlighting its mechanism, principle, advantages, clinical applications, limitations and challenges including future perspectives. The current article also helps to address the fact that the transition from "damaged to healing" utilising cell homing treatment strategy is not just a possibility, it is the inevitable future of regenerative endodontics in dental health science.
Pub. Date: October 31, 2026Paper No:6753 -
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Objective: In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the prognosis of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) depends on injury severity but also on the prehospital chain and the referral pathway upstream of the referral center. The authors described this care pathway and access delays, identified the determinants of delayed access, and explored their association with in-hospital outcome. Methods: This analytical observational study included 366 patients admitted for TSCI at Bouaké University Hospital (retrospective phase 2017–2021, prospective phase 2025–June 2026), after a database audit. The determinants of delayed access (time to reception > 48 hours) and of non-medicalized transport were modeled by multivariable logistic regression following a predefined causal framework; the association between care pathway and in-hospital mortality was estimated after adjustment for severity (ASIA grade) and age. Reporting followed STROBE. Results: Nearly three-quarters of patients (263/366; 71.9%) were referred, transiting through 93 originating facilities; 208 (56.8%) were conveyed by non-medicalized transport and 56 (15.3%) were insured. The median time to reception was 2 days (IQR 1–3), with a long right tail (11.7% at 7 days or more; maximum 72 days). Non-medicalized transport (aOR 2.09; 95% CI 1.29–3.37) and residence outside the region (1.76; 1.02–3.03) were independently associated with a delay exceeding 48 hours. Neurological severity remained the dominant determinant of mortality (ASIA A: aOR 11.0; 5.50–22.0; AUC 0.81). Delayed access was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.27; 0.13–0.55); this inverse association is interpreted as depletion of susceptibles, mortality being early (median time to death 5 days; 62.5% of deaths within the first week) and the injury composition of arrivals remaining stable across delay strata. Conclusions: Prehospital delays in TSCI at Bouaké are driven mainly by non-medicalized transport and geographic remoteness. Because mortality is early, a likely substantial proportion of deaths occurs before access to the referral center, making the hospital cohort an incomplete representation of the true burden. Strengthening medical transport and structuring the referral pathway—modifiable organizational levers—are public-health priorities.
Pub. Date: October 31, 2026Paper No:6766 -
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Background: In our cohort of intracranial suppurative infections (ICS), the median interval from symptom onset to admission reached 19 days, a salient feature. Hypothesis: We hypothesised that a longer prehospital delay is associated with higher in-hospital mortality, partly through deterioration of consciousness at admission (Glasgow Coma Scale, GCS). Methods: Single-centre secondary analysis of 150 stays (148 patients; 16 deaths; mortality 10.7%). The care cascade separated the prehospital phase (onset → admission; n = 150) from the in-hospital phase (admission → surgery; n = 115). Associations between delay, GCS and lesion characteristics used Spearman’s coefficient and age- and sex-adjusted models. A counterfactual mediation analysis (natural direct and indirect effects as odds ratios; percentile bootstrap, 2,000 resamples) followed an a priori directed acyclic graph. Firth regression, sensitivity analyses and an E-value assessed robustness. Given 16 deaths, analyses are exploratory. Results: The median prehospital delay (19 days; IQR 15–25) was about nine to ten times the admission-to-surgery delay (2 days; IQR 1–3). A prolonged delay (> 19 days) was associated with rural residence (aOR 2.27; 95% CI 1.16–4.43) and, borderline, with referred status (aOR 1.88; 0.96–3.67). A longer delay was associated with a lower admission GCS (ρ = −0.25; p = 0.002; −0.67 points per 10 days after adjustment), with no association with lesion size. The total effect on death was imprecise (OR 1.79 per +10 days; 0.85–4.52). The share transiting through GCS was about 19% but very wide (−48 to 105%); the indirect effect (OR 1.11; 0.99–1.39) was non-significant. Conclusion: The delay in ICS care was mainly prehospital and associated with structural access factors (rurality, referral) and with neurological deterioration at admission. The delay–rurality and delay–GCS links were most robust; the effect on mortality remained imprecise. Prehospital delay is a candidate target for organisational interventions, whose effectiveness must be assessed prospectively.
Pub. Date: October 31, 2026Paper No:6768 -
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Background: Injury mechanism is often regarded as a marker of severity in traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). We assessed whether it is an independent determinant of neurological severity, polytrauma and in-hospital mortality. Methods: Single-centre observational cohort of 366 patients with confirmed TSCI (2017–2021 and 2025–2026) at the Bouaké University Hospital Center, reported according to STROBE. Mechanisms were compared with chi-square and rank tests; the independent association with mortality was estimated with adjusted Firth penalised regression, with internal validation by bootstrap. Results: Median age was 35 years and 80.9% were men. Road-traffic crashes predominated (62.6%); complete injury (ASIA A) affected 40.2% of patients and in-hospital mortality was 17.5%. Age differed by mechanism (p < 0.001), but mechanism was associated with neither neurological severity, nor lesion level, nor polytrauma, nor recovery (all p ≥ 0.13). After adjustment, road-traffic crashes were not associated with mortality (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.46–1.84). The only independent determinants of death were ASIA grade A (OR 11.21; 95% CI 5.54–22.67) and cervical involvement (OR 2.08). Conclusion: Mechanism accounted for the epidemiological distribution of TSCI without independent prognostic value; initial neurological severity remained the main factor associated with death. Prevention should target road-traffic crashes, and clinical orientation should rely on neurological assessment.
Pub. Date: October 31, 2026Paper No:6769 -
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The study examined the effect of rainfall, temperature, humidity and wind on road transportation in Warri and Abraka, Delta State, from January to December, 2024. The study also tested the hypothesis that climatic variation influences road decline. The study adopted a longitudinal quantitative design which combined monthly Nigerian Meteorological Agency records with field surveys of 85 km of arterial, secondary and feeder highways. Field teams recorded monthly logs on surface condition, pothole density, delay, flood duration, cost and accidents. The results showed at P<0.05 a strong relationship between precipitation and several variables (pothole density, traffic delay, repair cost, and accidents). The Road Surface Condition Index dropped from 85 to 60 in Warri and 90 to 68 in Abraka during the wet seasons, while the number of days of flood increased to 7 in Warri and 4 in Abraka. Climatic factors together accounted for 98.5% of variance in the maintenance cost (F = 113.6, p < 0.001). The results establish moisture, influenced by rainfall, as the main driver and provide a verified basis for climate-adapted design for Delta State agencies. Suggested measures included redesigning drainage to accommodate storm magnitude, using moisture-resistant surfacing and planning maintenance according to rainfall.
Pub. Date: October 30, 2026Paper No:6750 -
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This study evaluated the adaptability, growth characteristics, yield, and leaf quality of seven Oriental tobacco cultivars grown in Ea Bung Commune, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam, in 2026, to identify promising Basma-type cultivars with distinctive aroma profiles for potential cultivation in Vietnam. The experiment included seven cultivars: Krumovgrad 58, Krumovgrad 78C, Krumovgrad 90, Elenski 817, POH 6002, Basma 16, and Basma X. The cultivars were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications and a plot size of 50 m². Fertilizer was applied at rates of 50 kg N, 30 kg P₂O₅, and 80 kg K₂O ha⁻¹. The evaluated parameters included growth duration, morphological characteristics, pest and disease incidence, yield, chemical composition, and sensory quality of the cured tobacco leaves. The results showed that the period from transplanting to the final harvest ranged from 85 to 100 days. Krumovgrad 78C produced the highest cured-leaf yield, at 1.66 t ha⁻¹. Basma 16 and Basma X had the highest numbers of harvestable leaves, at 40.8 and 41.7 leaves per plant, respectively, with corresponding yields of 1.487 and 1.464 t ha⁻¹. The proportion of Grade 1 and Grade 2 leaves ranged from 77.2% to 82.5%. Nicotine, reducing sugar, and chlorine contents ranged from 0.64% to 0.95%, 3.7% to 10.1%, and 0.73% to 1.03%, respectively. In sensory evaluations, Basma 16 and Basma X showed favorable distinctive aroma, aroma quality, and aroma complexity, achieving total sensory scores of 35.07 and 35.73 points, respectively. These scores were numerically higher than those of the Hanski 227 sample produced in Dak Lak (34.97 points) and the imported Oriental tobacco sample (32.42 points). However, the relatively high chlorine content of the two Basma cultivars warrants further investigation and optimization of cultivation and postharvest processing practices to improve leaf quality. The findings suggest that Basma 16 and Basma X are promising Basma-type Oriental tobacco cultivars for cultivation under the conditions evaluated in Dak Lak, particularly in terms of distinctive aroma quality. Further trials across multiple growing seasons, along with refined cultivation and postharvest processing practices, are needed to determine the stability of their yield and quality and assess their potential for broader cultivation in Vietnam.
Pub. Date: October 30, 2026Paper No:6772 -
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Human Rights can be commonly defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we cannot live as human beings. Human Rights advocate for the cause of the fundamental freedom to allow us to fully develop and use our human qualities, our intelligence and natural talents to satisfy our developmental, spiritual and other needs. They are thus based on the increasing needs of humanity’s increasing demand for a life in which the inherent dignity and worth of each human being will receive respect and protection. The denial of these rights and the fundamental freedoms associated with these rights is not only an individual and personal tragedy but also creates situations of social and political unrest sowing seeds of violence and conflict within the societies and nations.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights which was proclaimed in a resolution of General Assembly on 10th December 1948 is the foundation of freedom, dignity, justice and peace in the world. It lists numerous rights civil, political, economic, social and cultural to which the people are entitled simply for being born as human beings.
Pub. Date: October 30, 2026Paper No:6793 -
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China’s National Student Loan program safeguards educational equity for disadvantaged youth, yet its rigid fixed-repayment framework triggers severe default risks, especially in low-income mountainous ethnic regions featured with unstable seasonal employment. To resolve this structural mismatch, China launched the Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) pilot scheme, which ties debt payments to graduates’ real disposable income to ease financial pressure. This study combines national official panel data and micro field survey data from Liannan Yao Autonomous County, employing descriptive statistics and propensity score matching for cross-level comparative empirical analysis. The findings verify that ICR effectively curbs loan default risks and generates multi-dimensional household welfare gains by stabilizing household consumption and encouraging intergenerational human capital investment. However, language-related information gaps, high administrative transaction costs and insufficient institutional trust significantly limit grassroots policy participation. Targeted localized reforms covering bilingual publicity and simplified service procedures are essential to build inclusive, sustainable student loan systems for ethnic minority communities. This research also delivers practical policy insights for Asian developing countries troubled by student debt risks and unbalanced regional educational development.
Pub. Date: October 30, 2026Paper No:6803