This analytical study examines India’s evolving legal framework for climate change mitigation amid growing international and domestic pressures. Recognizing India’s dual status as a major emitter and highly climate-vulnerable nation, the study evaluates the legal, institutional, and policy architecture governing mitigation efforts. It explores foundational environmental statutes, constitutional doctrines, regulatory agencies, and judicial interventions that collectively shape India’s climate response. Methodologically, the study adopts a doctrinal analysis of legislation, case law, and policy instruments, complemented by an assessment of enforcement mechanisms and socio-legal impacts. Key findings reveal that while India possesses an expansive environmental regime, climate-specific legal mandates remain fragmented and largely policy-driven rather than statutory. National missions like the NAPCC and recent initiatives such as the Green Credit Programme and Carbon Credit Trading Scheme illustrate progress, yet enforcement suffers from institutional limitations, jurisdictional overlaps, and socio-economic tensions. Landmark judicial decisions culminating in the 2024 recognition of a constitutional “climate right” have significantly expanded the legal basis for mitigation accountability. However, critical challenges persist in aligning sectoral policies, ensuring just transitions, and protecting vulnerable communities. The study concludes that India’s mitigation framework requires consolidation through dedicated climate legislation, stronger regulatory integration, and inclusive governance mechanisms. Legal reform must bridge enforcement gaps, embed equity, and transform India’s climate commitments into enforceable rights and obligations to ensure sustainable development and constitutional compliance.
